PUBLIC HELATH SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT

 Running head: PUBLIC HELATH SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT 1
 Public Health Service Announcement
 Student’s Name
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 PUBLIC HELATH SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT 2
 Public Health Service Announcement
 Introduction
 Cholera remains to be a significant public health issue worldwide. However, most of the
 cholera symptoms are infections are not detected early enough. There can be significant
 outbreaks of cholera disease such as the one recently experienced in Zimbabwe, Haiti, and
 Vietnam. Most of the industrialized countries have practically not experienced any cases of
 cholera for an extended period due to their proper water and sanitation as well as proper
 sewerage treatment facilities. On the other hand, in developing countries, the causative agents
 keep thriving due to the crowded housing issues as well as the fact that the water and sanitation
 infrastructure are suboptimal (Chopra et al., 2009). Most of these countries lack access to safe
 and clean drinking water and sufficient sanitation. The cholera epidemic in these countries will
 continue to impact on their health unless the issue of water supply is addressed, such as
 introducing a piped water system which has water treatment facilities that are chlorination and
 provide meaningful interventions at the home levels such as disinfecting water and storing it
 safely. Besides, building systems that ensure safe disposal of sewage even construction of
 latrines.
  Cholera, which is an acute diarrhea infection triggered by ingestion of water that is
 contaminated or food that has the bacterium Vibrio cholera. Basically, the causative agent is
 passed from a reservoir of infection to a potential host through the vehicle transmission. The
 Vibrio cholera is transmitted and spread by water that has been contaminated by the feces of an
 animal or an ill person who have sewages that are inappropriately and poorly treated (Fewtrell &
 Colford). Besides, the contamination can also be through foodborne if a shellfish has been
 incompletely cooked, then it is susceptible to passing on the disease to a healthy person. 
 PUBLIC HELATH SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT 3
 However, the most common reservoir of cholera is a nonliving one which is water that is
 contaminated by feces of animals and human beings. Shellfish is also a common reservoir of this
 pathogen.
 Symptoms of Cholera
  Some of the cholera symptoms include:
 ? Dehydration
 ? Vomiting and Nausea- Detected in the early stages of the disease and vomiting is
 persistent.
 ? Diarrhea- This happens suddenly and causes fluid loss.
 Treatment of Cholera
  Cholera is one of the diseases that can be treated easily. Many of the affected people can
 be treated successfully by immediate administration of oral rehydration solutions also referred to
 as (ORS). According to the standards of UNICEF/WHO the ORS sachet should be dissolved in a
 liter of clean water. However, the adult patients may take up to 6 liters of the ORS for treating
 the moderate dehydrations during the first day of administration. For those patients who are
 severely dehydrated, should be administered intravenous fluids since they are usually at the risk
 of shock. Adults of 70kg of weight require administration of 7Litres of the intravenous fluid and
 ORS when been treated (Greig & Micheals, 2007). Besides, these patients should be provided
 with appropriate antibiotics to minimize the period of diarrhea. Additionally, the antibiotics help
 in reducing the volume of rehydration fluid required and also the amount and time of V.cholerae
 excretion from their stool are shortened.
 Water Supply and Cholera
 PUBLIC HELATH SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT 4
  As earlier stated, the agents of cholera are many, but the major one is a nonliving
 reservoir referred to as water. According to studies, there is a close relationship between the lack
 of tap water and high level of the incidences of cholera. Although the piped water can also cause
 the disease if not properly treated, the availability if tap water supply significantly reduces the
 rates of prospected cholera.
 Efforts of Public Health to Minimize Cholera Illness
 The area of public health looks at broader ways to solve illness and health. Those ways
 comprise of the entire populations and implementation of health practices (Tappero, 2011). After
 the cholera epidemic that occurred in Haiti in October 2010, many countries responded to help,
 and this triggered a need for the public health field to put efforts necessary to minimize the
 spread of cholera. Although some of the interventions required minimizing the spread of this
 disease in developing countries, need some long-term investments and persistent maintained
 which may be difficult to fund but are of great importance (Greig & Micheals, 2007). The public
 health is committed to educating the general public on the dangers of the disease and some of the
 ways they can take care of themselves to minimize the widespread do the agents of cholera.
 Some of the ways include: washing hands after visiting the washrooms and ensuring that water is
 properly treated and finally always to cook food well.
 Conclusion
 The challenge of water supply in developing countries is the major contributor to the
 development of cholera as a disease. However, the problem can partly be solved by holding
 health education campaigns which facilitate the proper use of hygiene practices such as the
 proper food preparation and hand washing with soap. The long-term solution, however, lays on 
 PUBLIC HELATH SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT 5
 the construction of safe water treatment reservoirs so that the drinking water should always be
 safe to drink.
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 References
 Chopra, M., Lawn, J. E., Sanders, D., Barron, P., Karim, S. S. A., Bradshaw, D., … & Tollman,
 S. M. (2009). Achieving the health Millennium Development Goals for South Africa:
 challenges and priorities. The Lancet, 374(9694), 1023-1031.
 Fewtrell, L., Kaufmann, R. B., Kay, D., Enanoria, W., Haller, L., & Colford, J. M. (2005).
 Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions to reduce diarrhoea in less developed
 countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet infectious diseases, 5(1),
 42-52.
 Greig, J. D., Todd, E. C., Bartleson, C. A., & Michaels, B. S. (2007). Outbreaks where food
 workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. Part 1. Description of
 the problem, methods, and agents involved. Journal of food protection, 70(7), 1752-1761.
 Tappero, J. W., & Tauxe, R. V. (2011). Lessons Learned during Public Health Response to
 Cholera Epidemic in Haiti and the Dominican Republic-Volume 17, Number 11—
 November 2011-Emerging Infectious Disease journal-CDC.
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