Discuss any comorbidities Mrs. R. displays.

 
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is particularly significant as it directly impacts her respiratory system's functionality, causing reduced airflow and oxygen exchange. This disease can stress her heart, especially the right ventricle, as it works harder to pump blood through lungs damaged by COPD. The chronic inflammation and lungdamage associated with COPD also contribute to systemic effects that can negatively impact cardiovascular health. Her long-standing smoking habit significantly compounds her riskfor both COPD and cardiovascular diseases, as the chemicals in tobacco smoke contribute to systemic inflammation, arterial damage, and an increase in blood pressure, all of which are detrimental to her heart health