Discussion Questions: Compare and contrast the pathophysiology between diverticular disease (diverticulosis) and diverticulitis. Identify the clinical findings from the case that supports a diagnosis of acute diverticulitis. ? List 3 risk factors for acute diverticulitis. Discuss why antibiotics and IV fluids are indicated in this case.

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 Compare and contrast the pathophysiology between diverticular disease (diverticulosis) and diverticulitis.Diverticular disease are the small pouches in the large intestinal wall, diverticulosis occurs when the small pouches protrude through the outer muscle layers that are weak; can occur at any point in the colon, but most prominently occurs in the descending and sigmoid colon (Ghoulam, 2019).Inflammation of a diverticulum leads to diverticulitis. It can present as either an acute or chronic process. Diverticulitis is the most common complication of diverticulosis, which occurs in about 10% to 25% of patients. The pathophysiology of diverticulitis is the obstruction of the diverticulum sac by fecalith, which by irritation of the mucosa causes low-grade inflammation, congestion and further obstruction. (Rezapour et al, 2017).2. Identify the clinical findings from the case that supports a diagnosis of acute diverticulitis.  Patient complains of LLQ pain, constipation, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Clinical findings shown hypotension and positive occult blood these signs are indicative of diverticulitis; the CT abdomen did not show any abscess or mass. X-ray shows bowel-gas pattern consistent with an ileus.3. List 3 risk factors for acute diverticulitis.As with diverticula, age-related changes and more common in population greater than 60 years of age. Furthermore, a diet low in fiber. There can be genetic predisposition, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and chronic use of NSAIDS. (McCance & Huether, 2019).4. Discuss why antibiotics and IV fluids are indicated in this case.It’s important to have patient stay NPO (nothing by mouth) when diagnosed with diverticulitis. This will allow the bowel to rest and also be ready for any further testing. IVF is used during this period to allow the body to stay hydrated. After physician clear the patient, clear liquids should be implemented first to see how patient is tolerating intake. Antibiotics such as flagyl and rifaximin are commonly used to treat GI infections like diverticulitis. (McCance & Huether, 2019).Reference:Ghoulam, E. (2021, November 24). Diverticulitis. Practice Essentials, Background,Pathophysiology. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/173388-overview#a6.McCance, K.L. & Huether, S.E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences