Pathophysiological ChangesDiscuss the pathophysiological changes that come with Mrs. R.'s long-term tobacco use.

 
Long-term tobacco use has led to significant pathophysiological changes in Mrs. R., primarily manifesting as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cardiovascular complications. The inhalation of tobacco smoke causes inflammation and damage to the lung tissue, leading to the narrowing and obstruction of airways, reduced lung elasticity, and impaired gas exchange, characteristic of COPD. Additionally, tobacco use contributes to the development of atherosclerosis by damaging the endothelium of blood vessels, increasing the risk of hypertension, and promoting the formation of arterial plaques