Pathophysiology and Clinical Findings of the Disease Are the Spirometry Results Consistent With Obstructive or Restrictive Pulmonary Disease? What Is the Most Likely Pulmonary Diagnosis for This Patient?

 The outcome of spirometry reveals an obstructed lung condition. This conclusion can be validated by FEV1/FVC, which is significantly reduced by 56% pre-bronchodilator and 52% post-bronchodilator, with normal being above 70% (MacLeod et al., 2021). Moreover, wheezing on forced exhalation and hyperinflated lungs depicted in chest X-ray support such diagnosis. The most likely pulmonary diagnosis for this patient is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), in line with his smoking profile and overall clinical results