Symptoms of posttraumatic disorder

 
Article Review

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Article 1: Symptoms of posttraumatic disorder in men who sustain intimate partner violence: A study of help seeking and community samples.
Previous studies provide significant knowledge on how intimate partner violence (IPV) influences to a large extent development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PSTD) in married women. However, no study has been conducted to examine whether a similar relationship does prevail among married men. This study aims at investigating the influence of Intimate Terrorism (IT) and common couple violence (CCV)on development of Posttraumatic stress disorder (PSTD) among clinical and  community men. Researcher hypothesized that (IT) influence significantly posttraumatic stress Disorder. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PSTD) is dependent variable while intimate terrorism (IT) and CCV(common couple violence) are dependant variables. The study focused on 320 and 520 clinical and community men samples respectively, conveniently sampled from newsletters, websites and men help lines.  Required Size for conveniently Chosen Sample as recommended by (Baron, 2001) was used to sample the participants.  Participants aged between 18 to 59 years, spoke English, had an intimate relationship for at least 2 months and suffered IPV. Clinical participants filled questionnaires and interview schedules through the internet while community participants filled questionnaires and interview schedules through CATI administration online. Findings indicated that (IT) as a form of IPV among clinical men lead to high level of PSTD compared to community men. PSTD in two sample sets indicated a variance of 50%; implying that IT was a paramount concern among clinical men hence supporting theory and hypothesis.
Article 2: Multivariate model’s of men’s and Women’s Partner aggression
Married couples predispose different forms of aggression towards their partners. However, researchers can enhance understanding of this concept by examining how potential causes within the ecology interplay to influence partner aggression. Previous studies have evaluated how predictor variables derived from different focal approaches associate with each other and influence partner aggression. The purpose of the study was to examine how varied factors drawn from different ecological and focal perspectives influence partner aggression. Researchers hypothesized that women and men have different aggression model patterns.  Partner aggression is the dependent whereas ecological and focal factors were independent variables. 1,500 participants both male and female were sampled using random dialling technique through the phone and subjected to fill questionnaires. Participants were divided into two categories; male and female and each set filled questionnaires in separate rooms.  Questionnaire items were designed in open and closed structure format. The participants aged between 25-60 years, married for at least three years and with more than two children. From the finding the researcher developed and tested a multivariate partner aggression model that integrated other constructs from different focal approaches. Focal constructs such as dominance/jealousy had greater influence on both male and female aggression models. Similarly, power imbalance and marital adjustment impacted negatively on both men and female aggression models.
Article 3: Development of personality Disorder Symptoms and the risk for partner violence
Studies have indicated that an association exists between personality disorder and partner violence among married couples. However, no research that has been carried on to ascertain whether the change in personality disorder symptoms from adolescence to adulthood have an impact on partner violence (Straus, 2002). The study focused on exploring the extent to which child development process and personality disorder influenced partner violence. The researcher assumed that there exist relationships between the three variables. Partner violence is dependent variable whereas child development process and personality disorder are independent variables.950 Participants were randomly sampled from 3 regions based on social economic factors and categorised into three clusters; A, B and C. The participants aged between 10-15 years, 91% Christians and 9% Muslims; and were supposed to fill questionnaires under the guidance of their parents.  Interviews were conducted to collect data from the subjects. Results affirmed that the three clusters influenced partner violence. Cluster An indicated that partner violence is low in young men. Consequently, partner violence increases with age in nonviolent men and female. In cluster A and B, partner violence decline steadily in violet women than in men. Results analysis articulated that a correlation exist between child development, personality and partner violence (Judd, 2005).
Article4: An Agreement About Acts of Agg